Is the title of Chapter3 of THE MUSLIM DISCOVERY OF EUROPE [2001 Paperback Edition ISBN 0-393-32165-7]Other chapter titles are: 1 CONTACT AND IMPACT2 THE MUSLIM VIEW OF THE WORLD3 <AS MENTIONED ABOVE.>4 MEDIA AND INTERMEDIARIES5 MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP ABOUT THE WEST6 RELIGION7 THE ECONOMY: PERCEPTIONS AND CONTACTS8 GOVERNMENT AND JUSTIC9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY10 CULTURAL LIFE11 SOCIAL AND PERSONAL12 CONCLUSIONSContact and Impact is riveting history as The Turks, Genghis Kahn and the Mongols and even the Russians appear on world stage [I didn't know that Genghis Kahn was attacking Muslims during his reign]Chapter 3 [and the Intro, Preface and Conclusions] discuss how Arabic [classical Arabic], Persian and Turkish appear in the Muslim world and how their scripts work.

QuoteOf intellectual interest in Western languages and the literatures enshrined in them, there is not the slightest sign. We know of no Muslim scholar or man of letters before the eighteenth century who sought to learn a Western language, still less of any attempt to produce grammars, dictionaries, or other language tools. Translations are few and far between. Those that are know are works chosen for practical purposes and the translations are made by converts or non-MuslimsPage 81, Chapter 3 On Language and Translation